Monkey Business

Hey, Graphical History Tourists! Today’s Silverback Saturday post is about something you’ve actually heard about!

This month marks the 100th anniversary of the start of the so-called Scopes Monkey Trial, and nobody a century ago was more delighted than the nation’s editorial cartoonists.

"Grandpa on Trial" by Douglas Rodgers in Sacramento Bee, May 19, 1925

The trial pitted William Jennings Bryan, a three-time Democratic Party nominee for President and a favorite subject for editorial cartoonists, against Clarence Darrow, a high-profile labor lawyer famous for his defense of thrill murderers Nathan Leopold, Jr. and Richard Loeb in "the trial of the century" one year previous.

Bryan would not be at home in today's Democratic Party: a staunch advocate for Prohibition and of blurring the separation of church and state, he had waged a national campaign against the teaching of evolution.

"He Thinks He's the Defendant on Trial" by J.P. Alley in Memphis Commercial Appeal, May 31, 1925

In March, the Tennessee legislature had passed the "Butler Act," named for State Representative John Washington Butler, a farmer and head of the World Christian Fundamentals Association. The Butler Act  outlawed the teaching of the theory of evolution, or "any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals." in public schools, colleges, and universities receiving state funding.

"Fe, Fi, Fo, Fist..." by Nelson Harding in Brooklyn Daily Eagle, May 21, 1925

Bryan publicly thanked Tennessee Governor Austin Peay for signing the Butler Act into law, saying, "The Christian parents of the state owe you a debt of gratitude for saving their children from the poisonous influence of an unproven hypothesis."

"Damming the Streamlet and Loosing the Torrent" by Ed LeCocq in Des Moines Register, May 22, 1925

(In an unfortunate editing decision, LeCocq's cartoon happened to run immediately alongside a headline about a boy fatally drowned after falling from a dam.)

"He Put Us on the Map" by Edmund Duffy in Baltimore Sun, May 25, 1925

The trial of John T. Scopes, a 24-year-old high school science and math teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, was not a case of the state singling out and persecuting a principled teacher minding his own business. 

Scopes was in fact recruited by the publicity-seeking manager of a financially struggling coal and iron company in Dayton, the county superintendent of schools, and an attorney to test the new law on the grounds that state law also required teaching from a textbook, Civic Biology: Presented in Problems by George William Hunter. Hunter's book explained and endorsed the theory of evolution; a biology teacher could therefore be in violation of Tennessee law whether he taught the theory of evolution or not.

"Listening In" by Bill Sykes in Philadelphia Evening Public Ledger, May/June, 1925

Charges were filed against Scopes on May 5, but there is actually some doubt as to whether he ever actually taught students the theory of evolution in the first place. He coached three students to testify in preliminary proceedings that he had, and he was formally indicted on May 25. 

"At Work" by Grover Page in Louisville Courier-Journal, May 12, 1925

We here at Graphical History Tour Central promise to keep you updated on this broken news a century after it develops.

In the meantime, gratuler med syttende mai!

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